The Unofficial IHS Diabetes Care

IHS Standards of Care for Patients
with Type 2 Diabetes
September 2006

Part 3: References with Web Links

1. Visit Checklists

Laboratory Testing

          Guidelines for diabetes laboratory analysis
          Sacks DB et al. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and
              management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(4):436-72

          Use and safety of statins
              Pasternak RC et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins.
              J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-72

Visit exams

ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2006. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:S4–42.

Preventive foot care
ADA. Preventive foot care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:S63–64.

Immunization status review

          Adult immunization schedule
          CDC. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by Vaccine and Age Group, United
          States. October 2005–September 2006.

ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: Immunizations
ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2006. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:S4–42.

         Vaccinations for Hepatitis B
         National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. NIH Publication No. 04-425.
         February 2004.

2.1 Criteria for the dx of type 2 diabetes in adults

          Diagnosis and classification of diabetes
          ADA. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006;
          29(Suppl 1):S43–48.

2.2 Glycemic control and microvascular risk reduction

Assessment of glycemic control

Tests of glycemia in diabetes
Goldstein DE et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1761–73.

Assessment of chronic kidney disease

          IHS Primary Care Provider articles
             The IHS Primary Care Provider published a series of articles by Andrew Narva and
             Theresa Kuracina on a primary care approach to patients with chronic kidney disease.
             The following web links will direct you to the articles:

CKD is a public health issue (September 2002)
CKD: Definition and classification (October 2002)

CKD: Screening and staging (November 2002)
CKD: Association of GFR level with complications (December 2002)

Hypertension and CKD (January 2003)
Anemia and CKD (February 2003)

Nutrition and CKD (March 2003)
Bone disease in CKD (April 2003)

Managing dyslipidemias in CKD (May 2003)
Functional status, well-being, and CKD (June 2003)

Preparing “advanced CKD” patients for renal replacement therapy (July 2003)
FAQs about the GFR (August 2003)
CKD series: references and resources (September 2003)

Nephropathy in diabetes
ADA. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:S79–83.

           Chronic kidney disease and diabetes best practice
           IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes.
           June 2006.

IHS Kidney Disease Program
This outstanding website includes many useful articles, tools, and links.

IHS Kidney Disease Program: Link to KDOQI Guidelines

Hypertension, Dialysis, and Clinical Nephrology

National Kidney Disease Education Program

National Kidney Foundation

Diabetes eye examination

Diabetes eye care best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Diabetes Eye Care. June 2006.

Diabetic retinopathy
Fong DS et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2540–53.

           Detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy
           Gómez-Ulla F et al. Digital retinal images and tele-ophthalmology for detecting and
           grading diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(8):1384–89.

Diabetes foot care

Gohdes DM and Rith-Najarian SJ. Foot disease in diabetes. New Engl J Med.
1995;332:269–70.

          Mayfield JA and Sugarman JR. The use of the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and
          other threshold test for preventing foot ulceration and amputation in persons with diabetes.
          J Fam Pract. 2000;49:S17–29.

Reiber GE and Raug GJ. Preventing foot ulcers and amputations in people with diabetes:
future promise based on lessons learned. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1676–77.

Reiber GE et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with
diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:157–62.

Foot care and diabetes best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Foot Care and Diabetes. June 2006.

          Guide to preventing diabetes foot problems
          National Diabetes Education Program. Feet Can Last a Lifetime: A Health Care
          Provider’s Guide to Preventing Diabetes Foot Problems. November 2000.

Lower Extremity Amputation Prevention (LEAP) Program

Diabetes dental care

Vernillo AT. Dental considerations for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.
J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134:245–335.

American Dental Association FAQs on diabetes and oral health

          CDC Guide for Pharmacists, Podiatrists, Optometrists, and Dental Professionals
          CDC. Working Together to Manage Diabetes: A Guide for Pharmacists, Podiatrists,
          Optometrists, and Dental Professionals. 2004.

          IHS oral health survey
          IHS. An Oral Health Survey of American Indian and Alaska Native Dental Patients:
          Findings, Regional Differences, and National Comparisons. 1999.

Oral health best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Oral Health. June 2006.

         Periodontal disease and diabetes mortality
         Saremi A et al. Periodontal disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.
         2005;28:27–32.

3. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction

Assessment and management of blood pressure

Sacks FM et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):3–10.

          UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of
          macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS.
          Br Med J. 1998;317:703–13.

          Cardiovascular disease and diabetes best practice
          IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes.
          June 2006.

          Prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JAMA)
          NHLBI. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,
          Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. NIH Publication
          No. 04-5230. August 2004.

Assessment and management of dyslipidemia

Cannon CP et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute
coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495–1504.

Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–16.

Liu J et al.Joint distribution of non-HDL and LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk prediction among individuals with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. August 2005; 28(8):1916–21.

Lu W et al. Non-HDL cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(1):16–23.

Nissen SE et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071–80.

Rubins HB et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–18.

            ATP III Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol
            NHLBI. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment
            of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Publication
            No. 02-5215. September 2002.

            Dyslipidemia management
            ADA. Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27
            (Suppl 1):S68–71.

            Lipid control
            Snow V et al. Lipid control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical
            practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(8):644–49.

National Cholesterol Education Program

Antiplatelet therapy

Aspirin therapy
ADA. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S72–73

Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes

Lamar Welch VL et al. Prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease defined by the ankle-brachial index
among American Indians: the Inter-Tribal Heart Project. Ethn Dis. 2002;12(1):S1–63–7.

Mehler PS et al. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients
with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003;107(5):753–56.

Resnick HE et al. Relationship of high and low brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease
mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;109(6):733–39.

          Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial disease (Executive summary)        (Full version)
          Hirsch AT et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease
          (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic). American College of Cardiology. 2005.

          Guidelines for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
          Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Consensus guidelines: assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic
          peripheral neuropathic pain. April 2006 Supplement;81(4):S2–32.

4. Lifestyle practices

Anthropometric measurements

          Weight management
          Klein S et al. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management
          of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):2067–73.

Medical Nutrition Therapy and nutrition education

Federal Register. 42 CFR, Part 405 et al. Nov 1, 2001;66(212).

Franz MJ et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and
prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:148–98.

Franz MJ et al. Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management
of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:1009–17.

          Kulkarni K et al. American Dietetic Association. Standards of practice and standards of professional
          performance for registered dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in diabetes care. J Am Diet Assoc.
          2005;105(5):819–24.

Pastors JG et al. The evidence of the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management.
Diabetes Care. 2002;25:608–13.

Wilson C et al. Effects of clinical nutrition education and educator discipline on glycemic control and
outcomes in the Indian Health Service. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2500–04.

Adult weight management best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Adult Weight Management. June 2006.

MNT Evidence-Based Guides for Practice
American Dietetic Association

Nutrition and physical activity best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Nutrition and Physical Activity. June 2006.

Diabetes self-management education

ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2006. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(Suppl 1):S4–42.

Mensing C et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care.
2006;29(Suppl 1):S78–85.

Diabetes self-care education best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Diabetes Self-Care Education. June 2006.

          IHS Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program
          IHS. Indian Health Service Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program: Standards,
          Review Criteria, and Application Manual. Revised May 2004.

Physical activity and exercise

Galloway JM et al. Appropriate exercise prescription for patients with diabetes mellitus.
IHS Prim Care Provid. 2002;27(11):221–25.

Sigal RJ et al. Physical activity and exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2518–39.

American College of Sports Medicine

CDC Community Guide

CDC Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity

Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research

           Exercise and type 2 diabetes
           Albright A et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exercise and type 2
           diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1345–60.

Nutrition and physical activity best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Nutrition and Physical Activity. June 2006.

Physical activity, exercise, and diabetes
ADA. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S58–62.

Women's Health Council: Women's Health, Diabetes, and Physical Activity

Mental and emotional health: screening for depression

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

The following websites provide sample PHQ forms. The PHQ-2 consists of the first two questions of the PHQ-9.

: http://www.depression-primarycare.org/clinicians/toolkits/materials/forms/phq9/

: http://www.americangeriatrics.org/education/dep_tool_05.pdf

Kroenke K et al. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284–92.

Kroenke K et al. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.

Anderson JA et al. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with diabetes.
Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–78.

Brown LC et al. History of depression increases risk of type 2 diabetes in younger adults.
Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1063–67.

Egede LE et al. Depression and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among adults with
and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1339–45.

Engum A et al. Depression and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1904–09.

Golden SH et al. Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:429–35.

Katon W et al. Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with
diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:914–20.

Katon WJ et al. The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2668–72.

Lin EHB et al. Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and
preventive care. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2154–60.

Singh PK et al. Depression, diabetes, and glycemic control in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care.
2004;27:618–19.

Zhang X et al. Depressive symptoms and mortality among person with and without diabetes.
Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:652–60.

Behavioral Diabetes Institute: Addressing Real-Life Aspects of Diabetes

Depression care and diabetes best practice
IHS. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices: Depression Care and Diabetes. June 2006.

Health Disparities Collaboratives
Health Resources and Services Administration Bureau of Primary Health Care

MacArthur Initiative on Depression Primary Care

National Institute of Mental Health: Depression

Screening for Mental Health, Inc.

Tobacco

Smoking and diabetes
ADA. Smoking and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:S74–75.

Treating tobacco use and dependence
DHHS. Clinical Practice Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. June 2000.

Alcohol and other substance abuse

ADA. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention
of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:148–98.

5. Other topics for consideration

Distinguishing type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Pin-Hamiel O and Zeitler P. The importance of a name. N Engl J Med. 1999;34(18):1419–21.

Pregnancy and diabetes

          American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical management guidelines for
          obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 30, September 2001. Gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol.
         2001;98(3):525–38.

          American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical management guidelines for
          obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 60, March 2005. Pregestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol.
         2005;105(3):675–85.

Kitzmiller JL et al. Preconception care of diabetes, congenital malformations, and spontaneous
abortions. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:514–41.

	The Unofficial IHS Diabetes Care & Outcomes Audit Support Site

	Hosted by Ray Shields, MD

IHS Standards of Care for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes September 2006

IHS Standards of Care for Patients
with Type 2 Diabetes
September 2006